A high Jw/Js of about 20 l/g (or a low Js/Jw of about 0.05 g/l) can be achieved by using a 2 M NaCl as the draw solution and deionized water as the feed solution in a testing configuration where the active layer facing the draw solution at 23 ☌. This new scheme has revealed that it is possible to fabricate novel TFC-FO membranes with significantly improved water permeability and salt rejection properties simultaneously compared with those constructed on pristine PSf substrates. In the new approach, top surface of the polysulfone (PSf) substrates were modified by a novel bio-inspired polymer polydopamine (PDA) through the oxidant-induced dopamine polymerization in a Tris-buffer solution at pH=8.5 in air, over which m-phenylenediamine (MPD) and trimesoyl chloride (TMC) were employed as the monomers for the interfacial polymerization reaction to form a polyamide (PA) rejection layer. The effect of several experimental factors in the MPC configuration is investigated and the best scenario is selected for future practical tests.read more read lessĪbstract: A novel approach has been demonstrated to improve the separation performance of thin film composite (TFC) forward osmosis (FO) membranes, which were interfacial polymerized on the surface functionalized porous polymeric substrates.
Cost savings by MPC are estimated by comparing with the baseline and other open-loop control strategies.
In a weekly simulation, a pre-cooling effect during off-peak period and a cooling discharge from the building thermal mass during on-peak period can be observed. In each time step, a min–max optimization is formulated and converted into a linear programming problem and solved. The economic objective function in MPC accounts for the daily electricity costs, which include time-of-use (TOU) energy charge and demand charge. System identification is performed to obtain zone temperature and power models, which are used in the MPC framework. With the introduced Building Controls Virtual Test Bed (BCVTB) as middleware, real-time data exchange between Energyplus and a Matlab controller is realized by sending and receiving sockets. A simulated multi-zone commercial building equipped with of variable air volume (VAV) cooling system is built in Energyplus. Abstract: This paper proposes and demonstrates the effectiveness of an economic model predictive control (MPC) technique in reducing energy and demand costs for building heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems.
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